Relação entre Fibrose e Arritmias Ventriculares na Cardiopatia Chagásica sem Disfunção Ventricular / Relationship between Fibrosis and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chagas Heart Disease Without Ventricular Dysfunction

Fundamento: Pacientes com doença de Chagas com alteração segmentar apresentam pior prognóstico independentemente da fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda. A ressonância magnética cardíaca é atualmente o melhor método para detecção de alteração segmentar e para avaliação de fibrose miocárdica. Objetivo: Quantificar a fibrose, por meio do realce tardio, pela ressonância magnética cardíaca, em pacientes com doença de Chagas com fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda preservada ou minimamente comprometida (> 45%) e detectar padrões de dependência entre fibrose, alteração segmentar e fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda na presença de arritmia ventricular. Métodos: Foram realizados eletrocardiograma, teste ergométrico, Holter e ressonância magnética cardíaca em 61 pacientes, separados em três grupos: (1) eletrocardiograma normal e ressonância magnética cardíaca sem alteração segmentar; (2) eletrocardiograma alterado e ressonância magnética cardíaca sem alteração segmentar; e (3) ressonância magnética cardíaca com alteração segmentar independentemente de alteração no eletrocardiograma. Resultados: O número de pacientes com arritmia ventricular em relação ao número total de pacientes em cada grupo, a porcentagem de fibrose e a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda foram, respectivamente: no primeiro grupo, 4/26, 0,74% e 74,34%; no segundo grupo, 4/16, 3,96% e 68,5%; e no terceiro grupo, 11/19, 14,07% e 55,59%. Arritmia ventricular foi encontrada em 31,1% dos pacientes. Aqueles com e sem arritmia ventricular apresentaram fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda média de 59,87% ...

Background: Patients with Chagas disease and segmental wall motion abnormality (SWMA) have worse prognosis independent of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is currently the best method to detect SWMA and to assess fibrosis. Objective: To quantify fibrosis by using late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with Chagas disease and preserved or minimally impaired ventricular function (> 45%), and to detect patterns of dependence between fibrosis, SWMA and LVEF in the presence of ventricular arrhythmia. Methods: Electrocardiogram, treadmill exercise test, Holter and CMR were carried out in 61 patients, who were divided into three groups as follows: (1) normal electrocardiogram and CMR without SWMA; (2) abnormal electrocardiogram and CMR without SWMA; (3) CMR with SWMA independently of electrocardiogram. Results: The number of patients with ventricular arrhythmia in relation to the total of patients, the percentage of fibrosis, and the LVEF were, respectively: Group 1, 4/26, 0.74% and 74.34%; Group 2, 4/16, 3.96% and 68.5%; and Group 3, 11/19, 14.07% and 55.59%. Ventricular arrhythmia was found in 31.1% of the patients. Those with and without ventricular arrhythmia had mean LVEF of 59.87% and 70.18%, respectively, and fibrosis percentage of 11.03% and 3.01%, respectively. Of the variables SWMA, groups, age, LVEF and fibrosis, only the latter was significant for the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, with a cutoff point of 11.78% for fibrosis mass (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Even in patients with Chagas disease and preserved or minimally impaired ventricular function, electrical instability can be present. Regarding the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, fibrosis is the most important variable, its amount being proportional to the complexity of the groups. .

Taquicardia ventricular incesante en una paciente con miocardiopatiadilatada: a propósito de un caso / Incessant ventricular tachycardia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a case report

La taquicardia ventricular incesante es una patología poco frecuente que habitualmente se presenta en pacientes con cardiopatía estructural, principalmente en aquellos con antecedentes de infarto al miocardio, sin embargo puede presentarse también en enfermos con miocardiopatía dilatada. La amiodarona puede controlar con éxito un 75% de los casos y en aquellos pacientes refractarios al tratamiento antiarrítmico la ablación por radiofrecuencia debe considerarse la terapia de primera elección.

Incessant ventricular tachycardia is a rare disorder that usually occurs in patients with structural heart disease, mainly in those with history of myocardial infarction, but may also occur in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Amiodarone can successfully treat 75% cases and in patients refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy, radiofrequency ablation should be considered first-line therapy.

Coronary-Subclavian Steal Syndrome Presenting with Ventricular Tachycardia

Coronary-subclavian steal through the left internal mammary graft is a rare cause of myocardial ischemia in patients who have had a coronary bypass surgery. We report a 70-year-old man who presented with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia 5 years after the surgical creation of a left internal mammary to the left anterior descending artery. Cardiac catheterization illustrated that the left subclavian artery was occluded proximally and that the distal course was visualized by retrograde filling through the left internal mammary graft. Clinical ventricular tachycardia was reproducibly induced with a single ventricular extrastimulus, and antitachycardia pacing terminated the tachycardia. Restoration of blood flow by way of a Dacron graft placed between the descending aorta and the subclavian artery resulted in the total relief of symptoms. Ventricular tachycardia could not be induced during the control electrophysiologic study after surgical revascularization.

Efeito favorável da terapia farmacológica otimizada da insuficiência cardíaca sobre as arritmias ventriculares / Favorable effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmias

FUNDAMENTO: Os eventos arrítmicos ventriculares têm forte impacto na mortalidade dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. O benefício do tratamento farmacológico otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca na redução da arritmia ventricular não foi ainda muito bem documentado. OBJETIVO: Análise dos efeitos do tratamento farmacológico otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca sobre a arritmia ventricular. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico com desenho não aleatorizado, envolvendo 85 pacientes consecutivos (coorte aberta), não selecionados, idade média de 63,8±12,2 anos, 42 homens, 43 mulheres, com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca, classes funcionais II a IV (NYHA - New York Heart Association), FE (fração de ejeção) < 0,40, que após otimização do tratamento foram acompanhados de janeiro de 2002 a maio de 2004, quanto ao comportamento da arritmia ventricular, à admissão e ao término do estudo. RESULTADOS: No início do estudo 60 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram mais de 1000 extra-sístoles ventriculares/24h, 100 por cento pares e 100 por cento taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS). Num seguimento que variou de 8 a 27 meses (20,0 + 4,8 meses) observou-se redução significativa do número total de extra-sístoles ventriculares/24h, do número de pares e do número de episódios de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (p<0,05). Observou-se também melhora da classe funcional e do desempenho ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Em relação à fase anterior à inclusão no estudo observou-se diminuição das internações hospitalares (4,8 hospitalizações/paciente/ano e ao término do estudo 2,7 hospitalizações/paciente/ano) (p<0,005). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca diminuiu a ocorrência de arritmias ventriculares. A melhora da classe funcional, do desempenho físico e do número de hospitalizações podem ser atribuídas ao tratamento otimizado.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmic events have a strong impact on the mortality of patients with heart failure. The benefits of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure in reducing ventricular arrhythmia have not been well documented yet. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmia. METHODS: This is a clinical study with a non-randomized design of 85 consecutive (open cohort) non-selected patients, with a mean age of 63.8±12.2 years; 42 were males and 43 were females. All patients had a diagnosis of heart failure (HF), NYHA Functional Class II to IV, EF < 0.40 and, after treatment optimization, they were followed from January 2002 to May 2004, regarding the ventricular arrhythmia behavior, at admission and at the end of the study. RESULTS: At the start of the study, 60 percent of patients presented more than 1,000 ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours, 100 percent pairs and 100 percent nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). During a follow-up period of 8 to 27 months (20.0 + 4.8 months) a significant decrease in the total number of ventricular extrasystoles/24 hrs, number of pairs and number of NSVT episodes was observed (p<0.05). The improvement in functional class and performance at the six-minute walk test was also observed. A decrease in hospital admissions was also observed in relation to the period prior to the study inclusion (4.8 hospital admissions/patient/year and at the end of the study, 2.7 hospital admissions/patient/year) (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: The optimized treatment of HF decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. The improvement in the functional class, physical performance and the decreased number of hospitalizations can be attributed to the optimized treatment of HF.

Una forma atípica de síndrome de QT largo: heraldos de muerte súbita cardíaca / Atypical form of long QT syndrome: cardiac sudden death signs

El estudio presenta dos casos clínicos con hallazgos relacionados con formas atípicas de síndrome de QT largo. En años recientes los síndromes de QT están sometidos a continua revisión. El balance autonómico, la dispersión de la repolarización y lo heterogéneo de sus bases genéticas explican las diversas presentaciones clínicas. Dos hermanos (varón y hembra) fueron estudiados; ambos presentaron taquicardia ventricular en condiciones de aumento del tono adrenergico (miedo y ejercicio) y su madre murió súbitamente antes de cumplir 50 años. Se estudiaron con electrocardiograma, vectocardiograma, electrocardiograma de alta frecuencia, electrocardiograma de esfuerzo, ecocardiograma y adicionalmente en el varón angiografía coronaria. El electrocardiograma de reposo mostró trastornos no específicos de repolarización. En una ocasión tuvo taquicardia ventricular con morfología de bloqueo de rama derecha. La prueba de esfuerzo mostró una falta de acortamiento del QT al aumentar la frecuencia cardíaca. El ecocardiograma, electrocardiograma de alta frecuencia y la angiografía coronaria fueron normales. Ella teniendo un electrocardiograma de reposo normal desarrolló una taquicardia ventricular con morfología de bloqueo de rama izquierda durante la prueba de esfuerzo. Los pacientes con una historia familiar de muerte súbita, anormalidades no específicas de la repolarización, falta de acortamiento del QT al aumentar la frecuencia cardíaca (hipodinamia del QT) son sospechosos de desarrollar taquicardias ventriculares en condiciones de aumento del tono adrenérgico y por lo consiguiente en ellos deben tomarse medidas preventivas

The study presents two cases with features related to atypical forms of long QT syndrome. The QT syndrome has been reviewed recently, the presence of autonomic imbalance, the dispersion of repolarization, the heterogeneity of its genetic basis in explaining its clinical presentations have call the atention of the investigators. Two siblings patients (male and female) were studied; both presented ventricular tachycardia under conditions of augmented adrenergic tone (fear and exercise) and their mother died suddenly before age fifty. Electrocardiogram, vectocardiogram, signal average electrocardiogram, bidimensional echo were performed in both, additionally he was studied with coronary angiography. The resting electrocardiogram in him showed non-specific repolarization anormalities, ventricular tachycardia with right bundle branch configuration in one occasion. Lack of proper shortening of the QT interval during de stress test. Signal average electrocardiogram, bi-dimensional echo and coronary angiography were normal. She had a normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram but developed a ventricular tachycardia with left bundle branch configuration during the early stages of an stress test. Patients with a positive family history of sudden death, non-specific repolarization anormalities, lack of shortening of the QT interval with increasing heart rate (hypodinamic QT) are suspicious of developing ventricular tachycardia under conditions of augmented adrenergic tone. Preventive measures should be taken in patients with this conditions